American National Election Studies, Cumulative Data File, 1948-2004

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VCF0151 (IF R IS WORKING NOW OR IS TEMPORARILY LAID OFF:) What is your main occupation? What are your most important activities or duties? (IF R IS RETIRED/UNEMPLOYED/DISABLED:) What kind of work did you do on your last regular job? What were your most important activities or duties? (see ARDA summary page for previous question wordings)   0) NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW   1) Professional and managerial   2) Clerical and sales workers   3) Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers   4) Laborers, except farm   5) Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen   6) Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)

Pie Chart Bar Chart Cumulative Bar Chart

Category	Frequency	Percentage	Cumulative Percentage	Z-Score
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	1048	2.5%	2.5%	-1.64
Professional and managerial	10004	24.1%	26.6%	-1.07
Clerical and sales workers	7588	18.3%	44.9%	-.5
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	13217	31.8%	76.7%	.08
Laborers, except farm	1216	2.9%	79.6%	.65
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	1417	3.4%	83%	1.22
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	7048	17%	100%	1.79

Variable Comparisons

Gender Race Age Education Religion Worship attendance

Gender (I-GENDER)

	Male	Female	TOTAL
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	2.4% 439	2.2% 509	2.3% 948
Professional and managerial	30.5% 5596	19.1% 4408	24.1% 10004
Clerical and sales workers	12.0% 2209	23.3% 5379	18.3% 7588
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	43.3% 7947	22.8% 5270	31.9% 13217
Laborers, except farm	5.3% 973	1.1% 243	2.9% 1216
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	6.4% 1178	1.0% 239	3.4% 1417
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	0.1% 23	30.4% 7025	17.0% 7048
TOTAL	100.0% 18365	100.0% 23073	41438

Race (I-RACE)

	White	Black	Asian	Native American	Hispanic	Other	TOTAL
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	1.9% 646	4.2% 193	4.4% 15	2.3% 18	3.9% 55	2.3% 2	2.3% 929
Professional and managerial	25.8% 8763	13.3% 611	46.9% 160	18.8% 150	17.7% 247	9.2% 8	24.1% 9939
Clerical and sales workers	18.7% 6377	15.2% 700	16.7% 57	16.3% 130	21.0% 294	2.3% 2	18.3% 7560
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	29.5% 10026	46.4% 2133	21.7% 74	45.0% 359	37.8% 529	40.2% 35	31.9% 13156
Laborers, except farm	2.4% 815	6.9% 317	1.8% 6	3.0% 24	3.3% 46	5.7% 5	2.9% 1213
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	3.3% 1128	3.9% 181	1.5% 5	3.3% 26	4.6% 64	6.9% 6	3.4% 1410
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	18.4% 6258	10.1% 466	7.0% 24	11.4% 91	11.7% 163	33.3% 29	17.0% 7031
TOTAL	100.0% 34013	100.0% 4601	100.0% 341	100.0% 798	100.0% 1398	100.0% 87	41238

Age (I-AGE)

	17-24	25-34	35-44	45-54	55-64	65 and older	TOTAL
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	6.6% 274	2.3% 212	1.4% 120	1.4% 93	1.5% 88	1.8% 131	2.2% 918
Professional and managerial	14.0% 586	24.9% 2266	29.3% 2508	27.7% 1837	24.2% 1374	19.7% 1394	24.2% 9965
Clerical and sales workers	25.9% 1080	19.0% 1735	18.3% 1566	17.8% 1185	15.7% 893	15.6% 1105	18.3% 7564
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	35.5% 1480	31.7% 2890	30.5% 2606	32.1% 2131	33.4% 1898	30.8% 2181	32.0% 13186
Laborers, except farm	5.0% 210	2.8% 257	2.7% 234	2.7% 177	3.0% 173	2.3% 163	2.9% 1214
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	2.3% 98	1.9% 175	2.5% 213	3.3% 218	4.3% 246	6.4% 457	3.4% 1407
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	10.7% 446	17.3% 1580	15.3% 1306	15.1% 1001	17.8% 1009	23.4% 1658	17.0% 7000
TOTAL	100.0% 4174	100.0% 9115	100.0% 8553	100.0% 6642	100.0% 5681	100.0% 7089	41254

Education (I-EDUC)

	Grade school or less (0-8 grades)	High school (12 grades or fewer)	Some college (13 grades or more but no degree)	College or advanced degree	TOTAL
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	2.0% 130	1.8% 351	3.4% 278	1.8% 130	2.2% 889
Professional and managerial	5.3% 341	11.5% 2218	28.4% 2312	70.5% 5071	24.2% 9942
Clerical and sales workers	4.4% 279	20.3% 3931	28.6% 2336	13.6% 976	18.3% 7522
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	44.2% 2824	40.3% 7800	25.7% 2092	5.7% 410	31.9% 13126
Laborers, except farm	7.0% 447	3.2% 618	1.5% 125	0.3% 22	2.9% 1212
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	10.3% 660	2.9% 570	1.3% 105	1.0% 72	3.4% 1407
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	26.7% 1709	20.0% 3879	11.1% 907	7.1% 508	17.0% 7003
TOTAL	100.0% 6390	100.0% 19367	100.0% 8155	100.0% 7189	41101

Religion (I-RELIGION)

	Protestant	Catholic	Jewish	Other and none (also includes don't know preference)	TOTAL
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	2.1% 550	1.9% 182	1.4% 14	3.4% 131	2.1% 877
Professional and managerial	22.5% 5972	24.5% 2374	45.5% 449	29.5% 1125	24.2% 9920
Clerical and sales workers	17.5% 4651	20.4% 1976	22.6% 223	18.2% 693	18.4% 7543
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	32.2% 8575	31.9% 3088	10.6% 105	35.3% 1348	31.9% 13116
Laborers, except farm	3.1% 825	2.4% 233	0.8% 8	3.7% 143	2.9% 1209
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	4.2% 1119	1.9% 185	0.1% 1	2.7% 102	3.4% 1407
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	18.4% 4905	16.9% 1633	18.9% 187	7.2% 273	17.0% 6998
TOTAL	100.0% 26597	100.0% 9671	100.0% 987	100.0% 3815	41070

Worship attendance (I-ATTEND)

	Every week	Almost every week (no cases in 1970)	Once or twice a month	A few times a year	Never	No religious preference (1970-1988)	TOTAL
NA; member of armed forces; no occupation and not a homemaker; no Pre IW	2.0% 171	2.6% 90	2.3% 100	2.0% 153	2.7% 176	3.3% 46	2.3% 736
Professional and managerial	27.4% 2324	28.8% 1010	24.9% 1064	24.6% 1874	25.8% 1669	28.2% 394	26.3% 8335
Clerical and sales workers	20.3% 1725	21.2% 741	20.8% 889	20.8% 1587	19.3% 1248	17.6% 246	20.3% 6436
Skilled, semi-skilled and service workers	28.6% 2425	29.4% 1029	34.9% 1490	35.8% 2731	37.1% 2397	37.7% 526	33.4% 10598
Laborers, except farm	1.6% 132	1.9% 66	2.8% 119	2.9% 218	2.9% 185	3.9% 55	2.4% 775
Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers and foremen; forestry and fishermen	2.8% 234	3.1% 108	3.2% 138	2.7% 203	2.5% 159	2.7% 37	2.8% 879
Homemakers (1980-later: no other occupation (any number of hours) and have not worked in past 6/12 mos.; 1972-1978: not working at least 20 hrs/wk.; 1956-1970: no other occupation, full or part time; 1952: no other full-time occupation)	17.3% 1466	13.1% 459	11.0% 471	11.3% 865	9.7% 626	6.5% 91	12.5% 3978
TOTAL	100.0% 8477	100.0% 3503	100.0% 4271	100.0% 7631	100.0% 6460	100.0% 1395	31737