Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset, 1988-2010

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M1E Democracy emphasizes differences and weakens national unity.   1) Strongly agree   2) Agree   3) Disagree   4) Strongly disagree

Pie Chart Bar Chart Cumulative Bar Chart

Category	Frequency	Percentage	Cumulative Percentage	Z-Score
Strongly agree	65	4.5%	4.5%	-2.58
Agree	265	18.5%	23.1%	-1.23
Disagree	834	58.3%	81.4%	.12
Strongly disagree	266	18.6%	100%	1.47

Variable Comparisons

Age Education Household income Religion Sex

Age (I-AGE)

	18-24 years old	25-34 years old	35-44 years old	45-54 years old	55-64 years old	65+ years old	TOTAL
Strongly agree	5.2% 24	4.4% 21	3.8% 9	2.1% 3	4.1% 3	16.1% 5	4.5% 65
Agree	16.3% 76	18.4% 88	19.2% 46	20.7% 30	23.3% 17	25.8% 8	18.5% 265
Disagree	60.9% 283	58.3% 278	56.5% 135	57.9% 84	54.8% 40	45.2% 14	58.3% 834
Strongly disagree	17.6% 82	18.9% 90	20.5% 49	19.3% 28	17.8% 13	12.9% 4	18.6% 266
TOTAL	100.0% 465	100.0% 477	100.0% 239	100.0% 145	100.0% 73	100.0% 31	1430

Education (I-EDUC)

	Illiterate	Elementary and primary (includes elementary school so goes from first grade to eighth grade)	Secondary	BA (completion of college degree)	MA or higher	TOTAL
Strongly agree	4.9% 21	4.6% 18	3.3% 13	6.1% 13	0.0% 0	4.5% 65
Agree	29.1% 125	19.0% 75	11.1% 43	10.3% 22	0.0% 0	18.5% 265
Disagree	55.1% 237	58.0% 229	60.2% 234	62.6% 134	0.0% 0	58.3% 834
Strongly disagree	10.9% 47	18.5% 73	25.4% 99	21.0% 45	100.0% 2	18.6% 266
TOTAL	100.0% 430	100.0% 395	100.0% 389	100.0% 214	100.0% 2	1430

Household income (I-INCOME)

	First quintile	Second quintile	Third quintile	Fourth quintile	Fifth quintile	TOTAL
Strongly agree	6.7% 29	0.00% 0	2.8% 7	0.00% 0	3.9% 21	4.7% 57
Agree	22.8% 99	0.00% 0	18.5% 46	0.00% 0	12.5% 67	17.4% 212
Disagree	57.5% 250	0.00% 0	56.5% 140	0.00% 0	60.3% 322	58.5% 712
Strongly disagree	13.1% 57	0.00% 0	22.2% 55	0.00% 0	23.2% 124	19.4% 236
TOTAL	100.0% 435	100.0% 0	100.0% 248	100.0% 0	100.0% 534	1217

Religion (I-RELIGION)

	Muslim	Christian	Jew	Other	TOTAL
Strongly agree	4.5% 65	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	4.5% 65
Agree	18.5% 265	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	18.5% 265
Disagree	58.3% 834	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	58.3% 834
Strongly disagree	18.6% 266	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	0.00% 0	18.6% 266
TOTAL	100.0% 1430	100.0% 0	100.0% 0	100.0% 0	1430

Sex (I-SEX)

	Male	Female	TOTAL
Strongly agree	3.9% 28	5.2% 37	4.5% 65
Agree	14.6% 105	22.4% 160	18.5% 265
Disagree	58.4% 419	58.2% 415	58.3% 834
Strongly disagree	23.0% 165	14.2% 101	18.6% 266
TOTAL	100.0% 717	100.0% 713	1430