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This multi-country survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys were conducted under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample in each country. [See More...]

This file of respondents in Brazil is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in Brazil were conducted by the research firm, Research International Brazil, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in Chile is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in Chile were conducted by the research firm, MORI Chile, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in the chosen regions of India is part of a multi-country survey. This project in India includes a probability sample of disproportionately Christian districts of three states of India- Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Meghalaya. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in the chosen regions of India were conducted by the research firm TNS India, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. Note that this is not a representative sample of India. [See More...]

This file of respondents in Guatemala is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., pentecostals and charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in Guatemala were conducted by the research firm MERCAPLAN, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in Kenya is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in Kenya were conducted by the research firm, Research Path Associates, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in Nigeria is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in Nigeria were conducted by Research International Nigeria under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in South Africa is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in South Africa were conducted by the research firm Markinor, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in South Korea is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in South Korea were conducted by the research firm Gallup Korea, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in the Philippines is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in the Philippines were conducted by the research firm TNS Philippines, under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

This file of respondents in the United States is part of a multi-country survey. The survey was commissioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life to investigate the religious, political, and civic views of renewalists (i.e., Pentecostals and Charismatics) around the world. An aggregate file of all ten nations of this multi-country survey is available at the ARDA. The project includes surveys in ten countries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among a random sample of the general public, with an oversample of renewalists, to yield sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Surveys in the United States were conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The codebook reflects the results of the general public sample. [See More...]

The survey of Muslims was conducted on behalf of Arizona State University by Abt SRBI in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Western Europe. The goal of the study is to investigate how Muslim individuals and communities respond to and counter radical or extremist actors in their discourses. It details religious attitudes and perceptions of the impact of the West on Muslim societies. The first wave was collected between June and August, 2011 in France, Germany, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal, with a total sample size of 2,810. The collection procedures varied by country and approximately 400 respondents were collected from each. Survey methodology and sample characteristics are detailed in a paper written for the Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict. [See More...]

The survey of Muslims was conducted on behalf of Arizona State University by Abt SRBI in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Western Europe. The goal of the study is to investigate how Muslim individuals and communities respond to and counter radical or extremist actors in their discourses. It details religious attitudes and perceptions of the impact of the West on Muslim societies. The second wave was collected between March and July, 2013 in France, Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal, with a total sample size of 3,293. Indonesia was not included in Wave one of the study. The collection procedures varied by country and approximately 400 respondents were collected from each. Survey methodology and sample characteristics are detailed in a paper written for the Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict. [See More...]

The Arab-Barometer is a multi-country social survey designed to assess citizen attitudes about public affairs, governance and social policy in the Arab World, and to identify factors that shape these attitudes and values. This survey was carried out within the framework of the Global Democracy Barometer Project. In this first round of the Arab-Barometer, respondents in the countries of Jordan, Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Yemen, and Palestine were queried regarding (1) economic questions, (2) evaluation of political institutions, political participation and political attitudes, (3) identity and nationalism, (4) politics and religion, (5) religiosity, and (6) the Arab world and international affairs. [See More...]

The Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset was created by Mark Tessler at the University of Michigan. The data set includes both individual-level and country-level variables. Data on individual-level variables are drawn from 35 surveys carried out in 12 Arab countries, Turkey and Iran. Most of the surveys were carried out either as the first wave of the Arab Barometer, the third, fourth and fifth waves of the World Values Survey, or a project on attitudes related to governance carried out by Mark Tessler with funding from the National Science Foundation. [See More...]

The Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC) conducts this annual survey in the South Caucasus (i.e., Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) in order to gauge the social, political and economic issues in the former Soviet Union region. This is the only survey in the region providing reliable comparative data about the opinions, household composition, and economic behavior of the population of the three countries. In addition to the questions asked in previous rounds, CRRC has included new questions assessing social capital and religious views - the latter were asked in collaboration with ARDA. The same survey and methodological approach is applied to all three countries. This merged data file contains the respondents from all three South Caucasus countries and their survey responses. The data file contains 6,715 cases total (2,382 in Armenia, 1,829 in Azerbaijan, and 2,502 in Georgia). Variables were dropped that were not asked across all three countries. So, although Armenian respondents were asked additional questions pertaining to the Armenian Genocide and Georgian respondents were asked additional questions about opinions toward Joseph Stalin, those survey items can only be accessed by downloading the individual country data files (see ARDA's Data Archive for those files). Moreover string/character (non-numeric) variables are not available in the merged data file. [See More...]

The Caucasus Barometer is an annual nationwide survey conducted by the Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC) in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The target population for the 2009 Caucasus Barometer was all non-foreign adults residing in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia outside of occupied territories and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan during the period of September-October 2009. The Caucasus Barometer was designed in 2003 in order to collect reliable representative data on a wide range of social, political, and economic attitudes of the population of the South Caucasus, as well as information on household composition and household economic behavior. From the very beginning, the data collected by CRRC was meant to be open to all interested researchers and/or policymakers both from the region and from other parts of the world. For more information, visit the CRRC website. [See More...]

The Caucasus Barometer is an annual nationwide survey conducted by the Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC) in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The target population for the 2010 Caucasus Barometer was all non-foreign adults residing in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia outside of occupied territories (Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabagh) and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan during the period of November-December 2010.The Caucasus Barometer was designed in 2003 in order to collect reliable representative data on a wide range of social, political, and economic attitudes of the population of the South Caucasus, as well as information on household composition and household economic behavior. From the very beginning, the data collected by CRRC was meant to be open to all interested researchers and/or policymakers both from the region and from other parts of the world. For more information, visit the CRRC website. [See More...]

The questionnaire used in this project (the Comparative Cross-National Study of Religious Fundamentalism, Developmental Idealism, Values, and Morality in the Middle East and North Africa) is part of the larger Middle Eastern Values Study (MEVS) and consists of over 250 items and covers the following topics: [See More...]

The Comparative Values Survey of Islamic Countries is a subset of the World Values Survey that was conducted from 1999 to 2006 and examines the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of individuals in fifteen nations with Islamic majorities. Representative samples of each nation's population are surveyed on their opinions regarding religion, politics, gender roles, well-being and numerous other issues concerning social values and morality. [See More...]

The Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2009, 25 Nation Survey is a cross-national survey of attitudes on global issues. Topics include politics, social issues, globalization, life satisfaction, and religion. Respondents also were surveyed on their views of the role of the United States in the world and on their impressions of well-known leaders (Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin, etc.) [See More...]

The Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2010, 22 Nation Survey is a cross-national survey of attitudes on global issues. Topics include politics, social issues, globalization, life satisfaction, and religion. Respondents also were surveyed on their views of the role of the United States in the world and on their impressions of well-known leaders (Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin, etc.) [See More...]

The Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2011, 23 Nation Survey is a cross-national survey of attitudes on global issues. Topics include politics, social issues, globalization, life satisfaction, and religion. Respondents also were surveyed on their views of the role of the United States in the world and on their impressions of well-known leaders (Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin, etc.) [See More...]

The Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2012, 21 Nation Survey is a cross-national survey of attitudes on global issues. Topics include politics, social issues, globalization, life satisfaction, and religion. Respondents also were surveyed on their views of the role of the United States in the world and on their impressions of well-known leaders (Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin, etc.) [See More...]

The Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2013, 39 Nation Survey is a cross-national survey of attitudes on global issues. Topics include politics, social issues, globalization, life satisfaction, and religion. Respondents also were surveyed on their views of the role of the United States in the world and on their impressions of well-known leaders (Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Vladimir Putin, etc.). [See More...]

A 1996 survey of religion, politics, and social involvement in Canada and the United States. [See More...]

Started in 1984, the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) is an ongoing program of cross-national collaboration. The program develops modules that deal with areas of interest in the social sciences. These modules supplement regular national surveys. The 1998 religion module includes data from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, the Slovakian Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Like the 1991 International Social Survey Program: Religion I, this survey covers three main topic areas. The first addresses general attitudes toward various social issues including government, sex, abortion, male and female issues, and personal trust. Secondly, the module addresses religion, including the role of religious leaders, attitudes about God, attendance, miracles, and the Bible. Finally, the module has demographic information including age, sex, education, and occupation. [See More...]

Started in 1984, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is an ongoing program of cross-national collaboration. The program develops modules that deal with areas of interest in the social sciences. These modules supplement regular national surveys. The 2008 religion module includes data from Australia, Austria, Belgium - Flanders, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, the United States of America, and Venezuela. Similar to the 1991 and 1998 ISSP religion modules, this data set includes numerous measures of religious affiliation, beliefs, and participation. It also contains measures of several social and political attitudes. Finally, the data set contains basic demographic information such as age, sex, education, and occupation. For more information, visit the ISSP 2008 website. [See More...]

The Comparative Panel Survey on the Dynamics of Change: Belief Formation and Political Engagement in Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey is an extension of comparative historical studies of ideological production and cross-national values surveys, which show associations between changes in social conditions and changes in the dominant sociopolitical discourses and people's value orientations in the contemporary Middle East and North Africa. It is, however, unclear how changes in these conditions explain changes in discourses and values. To better understand the dynamic of change and advance a mechanistic explanation of change in values and political engagement, this project has launched a panel study, the Comparative Panel Survey on the Dynamics of Change: Belief Formation and Political Engagement in Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey. This panel study intends to explain (1) changes in sociopolitical and cultural values; (2) examine how variation in participation in such activities as peaceful demonstrations, political protests, and political violence is linked to changes in (a) inter-group relations, (b) identity and framing, (c) attitudes toward the West and liberal values, (d) religious fundamentalism, (e) dysphoric emotions and personal efficacy, and (f) sources of news information (the Internet, satellite TV, mobiles); (3) assess how people's perceptions of corruption and trustworthiness of public officials are linked to political action and conflict; and (4) evaluate the implications of this study for peace and security. [See More...]

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The researchers collected raw data on women in politics from party administrators and government officials. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all gender-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas. [See More...]

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The researchers collected raw data on women in politics from party administrators and government officials. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all gender-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas. [See More...]

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The researchers collected raw data on women in politics from party administrators and government officials. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all gender-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas. [See More...]

The Perception and Acceptance of Religious Diversity survey is one of the largest representative surveys to date on religious plurality in Europe. It captures the range of attitudes toward Islam and other religions among residents in five European countries. The survey was carried out in 2010 by the Cluster of Excellence "Religion and Politics" of the University of Münster, together with TNS Emnid. The survey was conducted in Germany (East/West), Denmark, the Netherlands, France and Portugal, with the goal to include approximately 1000 respondents from each area. [See More...]

Between October 2013 and February 2014, Pew Research Center, with generous funding from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation, conducted a public opinion survey involving more than 30,000 face-to-face interviews in 19 countries and territories across Latin America and the Caribbean. This survey covers religious affiliations, beliefs, practices, social and political views in 18 countries and the U.S. territory (Puerto Rico). The survey was carried out as part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world. [See More...]

Pew Research Center conducted surveys among 24,599 adults (ages 18 and older) across 15 countries in Western Europe between April 2017 and August 2017. Interviewing was carried out under the direction of GfK Belgium using both cellphones and landlines. The questionnaire was designed by Pew Research Center staff in consultation with subject matter experts and advisers to the project. The wording of several questions was subjected to cognitive testing, and the full survey questionnaire was pretested in all countries prior to fieldwork. Survey questions address attitudes toward religion, respondent income, key social issues, general opinions about religion's role in society. [See More...]

During the 1970's, the increasing societal and scholarly recognition of the central importance of spirituality to personal and social well-being was coupled with a growing need in the social and behavioral sciences to develop tools to conceptualize and operationally measure spiritual well-being. This study was based on the assumptions that religion and spirituality overlap but are not synonyms. The primary focus of attention was upon relationships among variables in diverse populations from two national cultures. [See More...]

"The vast majority of people in many sub-Saharan African nations are deeply committed to the practices and major tenets of one or the other of the world's two largest religions, Christianity and Islam. Large majorities say they belong to one of these faiths, and, in sharp contrast with Europe and the United States, very few people are religiously unaffiliated. Despite the dominance of Christianity and Islam, traditional African religious beliefs and practices have not disappeared. Rather, they coexist with Islam and Christianity. Whether or not this entails some theological tension, it is a reality in people's lives: Large numbers of Africans actively participate in Christianity or Islam yet also believe in witchcraft, evil spirits, sacrifices to ancestors, traditional religious healers, reincarnation and other elements of traditional African religions." [See More...]

The Millennial Trends Survey (MTS 2019) was administered online between March 4-27, 2019 in both English and French, by Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme at the University of Waterloo. The questionnaire contains a total of 69 questions on the respondent's sociodemographic characteristics, (non)religious and (non)spiritual affiliations, beliefs and practices, friendship networks as well as inclusivity attitudes. This survey was reviewed and received ethics clearance through the University of Waterloo's Research Ethics Committee. [See More...]

"The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of sociocultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities all around the world. [See More...]

The World Values Survey (WVS) is a worldwide investigation of sociocultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities all around the world. [See More...]

"Between October 2011 and November 2012, Pew Research Center, with generous funding from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation, conducted a public opinion survey involving more than 30,000 face-to-face interviews in 26 countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The survey asked people to describe their religious beliefs and practices, and sought to gauge respondents; knowledge of and attitudes toward other faiths. It aimed to assess levels of political and economic satisfaction, concerns about crime, corruption and extremism, positions on issues such as abortion and polygamy, and views of democracy, religious law and the place of women in society. [See More...]

This survey explores the sociopolitical and cultural attitudes of young Egyptians and Saudis. The survey focuses primarily on: (1) the sources of epistemic authorities that youths rely in forming opinions about various social and cultural issues and deciding their careers; (2) the extent to which youth are aware of development ideas; (3) youth's orientations toward such issues as the relationship between religion and politics, form of government, Western culture, and social status of women, and; (4) youth's religiosity and attitudes toward religion. [See More...]