National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Mozambique [x], Eastern Africa [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Mozambique)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 161/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 148/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 85/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 132/253 |
Mozambique: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Hindus, Jews, Nonreligious.
Mozambique: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Agnostics, Atheists, doubly-affiliated, Mahayanists, Orthodox, Saktists, Shaivites, Shias, Vaishnavites.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Mozambique [x] |
Eastern Africa [x] |
The World |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.01% | 0.32% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | 0.01% | 0.01% | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | 0.01% | 0.01% | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | 0.00% | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | --- | --- | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | 0.02% | 0.02% | 5.98% |
| Christians | 55.80% | 65.65% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 3.84% | 1.51% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | 0.02% | 10.67% | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 23.36% | 21.91% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 14.96% | 28.16% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 14.40% | 7.47% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | 26.10% | 11.10% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 0.16% | 0.44% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 0.05% | 0.16% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 0.05% | 0.12% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 0.06% | 0.16% | 3.57% |
| Jains | --- | 0.03% | 0.08% |
| Jews | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 17.47% | 22.14% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 17.46% | 22.01% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 0.01% | 0.10% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | --- | 0.03% | 0.21% |
| New religionists | --- | 0.00% | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | --- | 0.02% | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | --- | 0.00% | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 0.43% | 0.28% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 0.36% | 0.25% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.08% | 0.03% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Mozambique)3
The country has an area of 308,642 square miles and a population of 19.9 million. According to the 1997 census, 24 percent are Roman Catholic, 22 percent Protestant, 20 percent Muslim, and one-third do not profess a religion or belief; however, religious leaders speculated that a significant number of this group practiced some form of traditional indigenous religions, a category not included in the 1997 census. The South Asian immigrant population is predominantly Muslim.
Major Christian groups include Anglican, Baptist, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Congregational, Methodist, Nazarene, Presbyterian, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist, and Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, as well as evangelical, apostolic, and Pentecostal churches. The three principal Islamic organizations are the Mohammedan Community, Islamic Congress, and Islamic Council. There are small Jewish, Hindu, and Baha'i groups.
Religious communities are dispersed throughout the country. The northern provinces are predominantly Muslim, particularly along the coast, while areas of the northern interior have a stronger concentration of Christian communities. Christians are generally more numerous in the southern and central regions, but Muslims are also present in these areas.
Muslim journalists report that the distinction between Sunni and Shi'a is not particularly important for many local Muslims, and Muslims are much more likely to identify themselves by the local religious leader they follow than as Sunni or Shi'a.
Many small, independent Protestant and Catholic churches that have split from mainstream denominations fuse African traditional beliefs and practices within a Christian framework. The country's leading mosques and the Catholic Church have gradually eliminated many traditional indigenous practices from their places of worship; however, some Christian and Muslim adherents continue to incorporate traditional practices and rituals.
Summary Information |
Mozambique [x] |
Eastern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Eastern Africa | The World | -- |
| Total Population4 | 27,127,200 | 395,855,234 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 308,642 | 2,476,234 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 57.6 | 64.1 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 1,190.0 | 5,173.6 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (weakly democratic) | -- | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | None | -- | -- |
Mozambique - Google Map
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Mozambique [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | Yes |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | Registration is required but is never denied, and treatment of all religions in the registration process is equal |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | Groups are officially required to register but groups which do not are not in any way restricted, except in that they may be denied status as a legal entity. |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | Accommodation |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | None |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | The government does not fund religion. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | There are no religious requirements or oaths necessary in order to hold office. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Mozambique [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | no [ Article 12(1) ] |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | yes [ Article 54(1) ] |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | yes [ Articles 35, 54(2) ] |
Constitution |
Mozambique [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 2004 |
| Last Amended10 | 2007 |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Source is an English translation, edited by ARDA staff. |
| Current as of10 | August 24, 2018 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Mozambique [x] |
Eastern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population12 | 58.8 | 64.5 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 89.1 | 80.3 | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 18.6 | -- | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Mozambique [x] |
Eastern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 11.0 | -- | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars13 | 8,004.2 | -- | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars13 | 3,758.7 | -- | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max14 | 49.9 | 56.3 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index15 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)16 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 1,190.0 | 5,173.6 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Mozambique [x] |
Eastern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 117 | 0.0012405 | 0.001096437 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | -- | 1.4 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Mozambique [x] |
Eastern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 27,127,200 | 395,855,234 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 57.6 | 64.1 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | -25.0 | -267.6 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population13 | 32.5 | 25.9 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage13 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman13 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births13 | 53.1 | 42.2 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV13 | 12.3 | 4.8 | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Mozambique)10
Article 12. Lay state.
(1) The Republic of Mozambique shall be a lay State.
(2) The lay nature of the State rests on the separation between the State and religious denominations.
(3) Religious denominations shall have organisational freedom, freedom to carry out their functions and freedom of worship, and they shall conform to the laws of the State.
(4) The State shall recognise and esteem the activities of religious denominations in order to promote a climate of understanding, tolerance and peace, the strengthening of national unity, the material and spiritual wellbeing of citizens, and economic and social development.
Article 35. Principle of universality.
All citizens are equal before the law, and they shall enjoy the same rights and be subject to the same duties, regardless of ... religion ...
Article 39. Acts against national unity.
All acts intended to undermine national unity, to disturb social harmony or to create divisions or situations of privilege or discrimination based on ... religion ... shall be punished in terms of the law.
Article 54. Freedom of conscience, religion and worship.
(1) All citizens shall have the freedom to practice or not to practice a religion.
(2) Nobody shall be discriminated against, persecuted, prejudiced, deprived of his or her rights, or benefit from or be exempt from duties, on the grounds of his faith or religious persuasion or practice.
(3) Religious denominations shall have the right to pursue their religious aims freely and to own and acquire assets for realising their objectives.
(4) The protection of places of worship shall be ensured.
(5) The right to conscientious objection shall be guaranteed in terms of the law.
Article 71. Use of computerised data.
(1) The use of computerised means for recording and processing individually identifiable data in respect of ... philosophical or ideological beliefs, of religious faith ... shall be prohibited.
...
Article 76. Names.
Political parties shall be prohibited from using names containing expressions that are directly related to any religious denominations or churches, and from using emblems that may be confused with ... religious symbols.
Article 86. Freedom of professional associations and unions.
...
(3) Professional associations and trade unions shall be independent ... from churches or religious denominations.
(4) The law shall regulate ... the guarantees of [professional associations’ and trade unions’] autonomy and independence ... from churches and religious denominations.
Article 113. Education.
...
(3) Public education shall not pertain to any religion.
(4) Education provided by collective and other private entities shall be administered in accordance with the law and shall be subject to State control.
(5) The State shall not plan education and culture in accordance with any specific philosophical ... ideological or religious guidelines.
Article 119. Family.
...
(4) The law shall establish forms in which traditional and religious marriage shall be esteemed, and determine the registration requirements and effects of such marriage.
Article 251. Access and statute of officers.
(1) Access to public office shall not be obstructed on grounds of ... religion ...
...
Article 286. Limits of the declaration.
The declaration of a state of siege or a state of emergency shall in no event restrict or suspend the ... freedom of religion.
Article 292. Restrictions as to subject matter.
(1) Constitutional amendment laws shall have to respect the following:
...
(c) the separation between religious denominations and the State;
...
...
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
12 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
13 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
14 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
15 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
18 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
19 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
