National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Russia [x], Eastern Europe [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Russia)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 46/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 8/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 43/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 7/253 |
Russia: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Ethnic religionists, Hindus, Jews, New religionists, Sikhs.
Russia: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Atheists, Catholics, doubly-affiliated, Lamaists, Mahayanists, Saktists, Shaivites, Shias, unaffiliated Christians, Vaishnavites.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Russia [x] |
Eastern Europe [x] |
The World |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | 0.38% | 0.22% | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | 0.06% | 0.06% | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | --- | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | 0.32% | 0.16% | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | 0.00% | 0.00% | 5.98% |
| Christians | 82.19% | 83.92% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 0.19% | 0.85% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | 79.28% | 61.33% | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 0.48% | 18.85% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 1.03% | 2.72% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 1.31% | 1.31% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | 0.73% | 0.37% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 0.03% | 0.02% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 0.01% | 0.01% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 0.01% | 0.01% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 0.01% | 0.01% | 3.57% |
| Jains | --- | --- | 0.08% |
| Jews | 0.09% | 0.09% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 11.77% | 6.50% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 11.41% | 6.26% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 0.36% | 0.24% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | --- | --- | 0.21% |
| New religionists | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | --- | 0.00% | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | --- | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 4.79% | 8.87% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 4.12% | 7.63% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.68% | 1.23% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Russia)3
The country has an area of 6,592,769 square miles and a population of 142 million. In practice, only a minority of citizens actively participated in any religion. Many who identified themselves as members of a religious group participated in religious life rarely or not at all. There is no one set of reliable statistics that breaks down the population by denomination, and the statistics below are compiled from government, polling, and religious group sources.
Approximately 100 million citizens are Russian Orthodox. Muslims, with a population estimated between 14 million and 23 million, form the largest religious minority. The majority of Muslims live in the Volga-Ural region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, St. Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations. There are an estimated one million Buddhists, the majority of whom live in the traditionally Buddhist regions of Buryatiya, Tuva, and Kalmykiya. According to the NGO Slavic Center for Law and Justice, Protestants make up the second largest group of Christian believers, with 3,500 registered organizations and more than 2 million followers. The Roman Catholic Church estimated that there are 600,000 Catholics, most of whom are not ethnic Russians. There are an estimated 250,000 Jews, the majority of whom live in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In some areas, such as Yakutiya and Chukotka, pantheistic and nature-based religions are practiced independently or alongside other religions.
According to the annual report from the Human Rights Ombudsman, the Ministry of Justice had registered 21,963 religious organizations as of January 1, 2008, 993 fewer than January 2006. The registered religious groups (with the number of registered organizations) include Russian Orthodox (12,586), Muslim (3,815), Protestant (several denominations totaling 3,410), Jehovah's Witnesses (402), Jewish (286), Orthodox Old Believers (283), Roman Catholic (240), Buddhist (200), and other denominations.
Summary Information |
Russia [x] |
Eastern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Eastern Europe | The World | -- |
| Total Population4 | 141,316,456 | 290,617,205 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 6,601,668 | 7,183,637 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 66.6 | 73.9 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 22,540.0 | 21,061.0 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (weakly democratic) | -- | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | -2.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | Orthodoxy | -- | -- |
Russia - Google Map
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Russia [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | Yes |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | Registration is required but sometimes denied |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | Groups are officially required to register, and the government enforces this and discriminates against unregistered groups. |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | Multi-Tiered Preferences 1 |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | Mandatory, but upon specific request, a student may opt out of the course. |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | Government funding of religion goes primarily to one religion but at least some other religions receive some funds. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | There are no religious requirements or oaths necessary in order to hold office. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Russia [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | no [ Article 14(1) ] |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | yes [ Article 28 ] |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | yes [ Article 19 ] |
Constitution |
Russia [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 1993 |
| Last Amended10 | 2014 |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Source is an English translation. |
| Current as of10 | July 29, 2018 |
Public Opinion (Russia)(Calculated by the ARDA from the World Values Survey)11 |
1990 | 1995 | 1999 | 2005 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religious Affiliation/Identification | |||||
| Percent belonging to a religious denomination. | 34.2 | 54.4 | 50.5 | --- | 72.5 |
| Percent identifying as a religious person. | 56 | 63.6 | 65.8 | 73.6 | 61.1 |
| Percent raised religious. | 18.7 | 20.4 | --- | --- | --- |
| Religious Behaviors | |||||
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month. | 6 | 8 | 9.3 | 13 | 13.7 |
| Percent praying to God more than once per week. | --- | --- | 22.2 | --- | 23.8 |
| Percent that meditate or pray. | 36.7 | --- | 33.3 | --- | --- |
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month when 12 years old. | --- | --- | 5.4 | --- | --- |
| Percent that changed denominations. | --- | --- | 2.2 | --- | --- |
| Percent active in a church or religious organization. | --- | 1.9 | --- | 2.6 | 2 |
| Percent never consulting a horoscope. | --- | --- | 35.8 | --- | --- |
| Religious Beliefs | |||||
| Percent believing in God. | 43.8 | 68.6 | 70.3 | --- | 82.9 |
| Percent believing in heaven. | 18.4 | 32.9 | 36 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing in hell. | 16.4 | 32 | 35.7 | --- | 52.2 |
| Percent believing in life after death. | 21.3 | 33 | 36.6 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing that there are clear guidelines on good and evil. | 30.8 | 44.9 | 38.6 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing that politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. | --- | --- | 21.4 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should not influence people's vote. | --- | --- | 82.1 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing that things would be better if there are more people with strong religious beliefs. | --- | --- | 46.6 | --- | --- |
| Percent that think that religious faith is an important quality in children | --- | --- | --- | 11 | 14 |
| Percent that agree: We depend too much on science and not enough on faith | --- | --- | --- | --- | 40 |
| Percent believing church gives answers to people's spiritual needs. | 91.8 | --- | 74.5 | --- | --- |
| Percent that do not trust people of other religions | --- | --- | --- | 63.7 | 57.8 |
| Percent believing church gives answers on family life problems. | 74 | --- | 55 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing churches give answers to moral problems. | 87.7 | --- | 70.5 | --- | --- |
| Percent that often think about meaning and purpose of life | --- | --- | --- | 40.9 | 25.5 |
| Percent believing churches give answers to social problems. | 59.7 | --- | 25 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should influence the government. | --- | --- | 14.7 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing that people have a soul. | 54 | 66.7 | --- | --- | --- |
| Percent believing in the concept of sin. | 47.4 | 71.5 | 68.1 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing religious services are important for deaths. | 74.3 | --- | 78.8 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing religious services are important for births. | 77.6 | --- | 74.9 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing religious services are important for marriages. | 62.3 | --- | 53.7 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing in a personal God. | 7.8 | --- | 32.1 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing in telepathy. | --- | --- | 58.9 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing in re-incarnation. | 21.6 | --- | 32.2 | --- | --- |
| Percent believing in the devil's existence. | 14.9 | 40.3 | --- | --- | --- |
| Percent that think that it is more important to follow religious norms and ceremonies than to do good for other people | --- | --- | --- | --- | 19.5 |
| Percent that think the meaning of religion is to make sense of life in this world | --- | --- | --- | --- | 84.8 |
| Percent that agree that whenever science and religion conflict, religion is always right | --- | --- | --- | --- | 27.5 |
| Percent that agree that the "only acceptable religion is my religion." | --- | --- | --- | --- | 37.7 |
| Percent that agree that all religions should be taught in public schools | --- | --- | --- | --- | 47.2 |
| Percent that agree, "People who belong to different religions are probably just as moral as those who belong to mine." | --- | --- | --- | --- | 81.7 |
| Percent that agree, "One of the bad effects of science is that it breaks down people’s ideas of right and wrong." | --- | --- | --- | --- | 30.9 |
| Religious Experiences | |||||
| Percent finding comfort and strength from religion. | 34.8 | 57.5 | 56.9 | --- | --- |
| Percent saying that they have a lucky charm. | --- | --- | 20.4 | --- | --- |
| Percent considering that a lucky charm definitely does not provide protection. | --- | --- | 42.1 | --- | --- |
| Attitudes | |||||
| Percent considering religion important. | 33.6 | 41 | 44.7 | 48.8 | 44.2 |
| Percent considering that God is not at all important in their life. | 31.7 | 17.7 | 20.3 | 13.3 | 7.6 |
| Percent confident in religious organizations. | 65.2 | 66 | 60.9 | 67.5 | 67.3 |
| Politics | |||||
| Percent thinking that churches have an influence on national politics. | --- | --- | 40.9 | --- | --- |
| Percent agreeing that the government protects personal freedom. | --- | --- | 16.2 | --- | --- |
| Percent agreeing that the government protects religious freedom. | --- | --- | --- | --- | 16.4 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Russia [x] |
Eastern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population13 | 99.7 | 99.6 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 96.5 | -- | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | -- | -- | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Russia [x] |
Eastern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 1,283.2 | 2,553.7 | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 265,969.4 | 1,011,255.5 | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 332,404.3 | 1,119,205.0 | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max15 | 57.1 | 63.2 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index16 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)17 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 22,540.0 | 21,061.0 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Russia [x] |
Eastern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 118 | 0.0400789 | 0.0063366 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | 4.0 | 2.9 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Russia [x] |
Eastern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 141,316,456 | 290,617,205 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 66.6 | 73.9 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | 1,100.0 | 1,103.9 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population14 | 74.1 | 69.5 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage14 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman14 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births14 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV14 | -- | -- | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Russia)10
Article 13.
...
(5) The establishment and activities of public associations whose goals and activities are aimed ... at instigating ... religious strife shall be prohibited.
...
Article 14.
(1) The Russian Federation shall be a secular state. No religion may be established as the State religion or as obligatory.
(2) Religious associations shall be separate from the State and shall be equal before the law.
Article 19.
...
(2) The State guarantees the equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of ... attitude to religion ... All forms of limitations of human rights on ... religious grounds shall be prohibited.
...
Article 28.
Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion, including the right to profess individually or collectively any religion or not to profess any religion, and freely to choose, possess and disseminate religious and other convictions and act in accordance with them.
Article 29.
...
(2) Propaganda or agitation, which arouses ... religious hatred and hostility shall be prohibited. Propaganda of ... religious ... supremacy shall also be prohibited.
Article 59.
...
(3) In the event that their ... religious beliefs run counter to military service and in other cases established by federal law, citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to replace it with alternative civilian service.
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of socio-cultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities around the world. Interviews have been carried out with nationally representative samples of the publics of more than 80 societies. A total of four waves have been carried out since 1981. The ARDA has averaged the weighted responses across the waves for each country surveyed. The average responses for all countries have been placed in a single file and can be previewed and downloaded here. See the World Values Survey website for further information and to download the original survey data: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/.
12 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
13 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
14 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
15 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
18 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
19 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
20 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
