National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Saudi Arabia [x], Western Asia [x], The World [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Saudi Arabia)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 1/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 53/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 8/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 1/253 |
Saudi Arabia: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Ethnic religionists, New religionists, Nonreligious, Sikhs.
Saudi Arabia: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Agnostics, Atheists, Independents, Islamic schismatics, Mahayanists, Orthodox, Protestants, Saktists, Shaivites, unaffiliated Christians, Vaishnavites.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Saudi Arabia [x] |
Western Asia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.02% | 0.06% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | 0.33% | 0.23% | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | 0.33% | 0.06% | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | 0.16% | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | --- | 0.00% | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | 0.09% | 0.02% | 5.98% |
| Christians | 6.04% | 5.58% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 0.05% | 0.05% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | 0.15% | 2.94% | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 5.56% | 2.39% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 0.10% | 0.13% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 0.17% | 0.15% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | 0.18% | 0.03% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 2.03% | 0.78% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 0.72% | 0.27% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 0.70% | 0.29% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 0.62% | 0.21% | 3.57% |
| Jains | --- | 0.00% | 0.08% |
| Jews | --- | 2.47% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 90.37% | 89.15% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 80.93% | 62.22% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 9.00% | 25.50% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | 0.45% | 1.43% | 0.21% |
| New religionists | 0.05% | 0.28% | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | 0.19% | 0.08% | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | --- | --- | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 0.69% | 1.32% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 0.66% | 1.18% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.03% | 0.14% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Saudi Arabia)3
The country has an area of 1,225,000 square miles and a population of more than 28.5 million, including an estimated foreign population of more than 8 million. The foreign population reportedly includes 1.6 million Indians, 1.5 million Bangladeshis, 1.2 million Filipinos, 1 million Pakistanis, 1 million Egyptians, 600,000 Indonesians, 400,000 Sri Lankans, 350,000 Nepalese, 250,000 Palestinians, 150,000 Lebanese, 100,000 Eritreans, and 30,000 Americans.
While accurate religious demographics are difficult to obtain, approximately 90 percent of citizens are Sunni Muslims, who predominantly subscribe to the Government-sanctioned interpretation of Islam. In the western Hejaz region, there are sizeable communities following other Sunni interpretations.
Ten percent of citizens are Shi'a Muslims. The reportedly 1.5 to 2 million Shi'a are primarily located in the Eastern Province, southern Najran Province, and western Medina area. An estimated 150,000 Shi'a also reside in the Medina area of the western Hejaz region, including the Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad) and approximately 50,000 Nakhawala. In addition, there are reportedly 250,000 – 450,000 Sulaimaniya Isma'ili Shi'a in the southern Najran Province and the Eastern Province. The majority of the country's Shi'a are "Twelvers" (i.e., they are followers of Muhammad ibn Hasan, whom they recognize as the Twelfth Imam) and are primarily located in the Eastern Province and the Medina area of the western Hejaz region. The Sulaimaniya Isma'ili, are known as "Seveners" (i.e., they are followers of Isma'il ibn Jafar, whom they recognize as the Seventh Imam).
Comprehensive statistics for the religious denominations of foreigners are not available; however, they include Muslims from the various branches and schools of Islam, Christians (including Eastern Orthodox, Protestants, and over one million Roman Catholics), Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, and others. In addition to European and North American Christians, there are Christian East Africans, Indians, Pakistanis, Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians, and large numbers of other South Asians residing in the country. Ninety percent of the Filipino community is Christian. Private Christian religious gatherings reportedly take place throughout the country.
The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowment, Call, and Guidance (MOIA) is responsible for 72,000 Sunni mosques and over 50,000 Sunni imams. The Grand Muftis of the two holiest mosques in Mecca and Medina report directly to the King.
In December 2007 the country hosted almost three million Muslim pilgrims from around the world and all branches of Islam for the annual Hajj to Mecca.
Summary Information |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
Western Asia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Western Asia | The World | -- |
| Total Population4 | 30,526,484 | 262,021,707 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 830,000 | 1,865,418 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 74.6 | 74.9 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 55,760.0 | 23,220.8 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (strongly autocratic) | -- | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | -0.8 | -- | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | Sunni Islam | -- | -- |
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | No |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | There is no registration requirement |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | There is no registration requirement |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | Religious State 1 |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | Mandatory for all; the course must be in religion. |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | Government funding of religion goes to only one religion, no other religions receive funds. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | All government officials must meet some form of religious requirement to hold office. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | yes [ Basic Law, Article 1 ] |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | no |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | no |
Constitution |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 1992 |
| Last Amended10 | 2013 |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Source is an English translation, edited by ARDA staff. |
| Current as of10 | September 24, 2018 |
Public Opinion (Saudi Arabia)(Calculated by the ARDA from the World Values Survey)11 |
2003 |
|---|---|
| Religious Affiliation/Identification | |
| Percent belonging to a religious denomination. | 99.8 |
| Percent identifying as a religious person. | 70.4 |
| Religious Behaviors | |
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month. | 44.2 |
| Religious Beliefs | |
| Percent believing in God. | 99.9 |
| Percent believing in heaven. | 99.7 |
| Percent believing in hell. | 99.5 |
| Percent believing in life after death. | 99.1 |
| Percent believing that there are clear guidelines on good and evil. | 78.5 |
| Percent believing that politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. | 73.8 |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should not influence people's vote. | 82 |
| Percent believing that things would be better if there are more people with strong religious beliefs. | 77 |
| Percent that think that religious faith is an important quality in children | 99.3 |
| Religious Experiences | |
| Percent finding comfort and strength from religion. | 98.6 |
| Attitudes | |
| Percent considering religion important. | 97.8 |
| Percent considering that God is not at all important in their life. | 1.3 |
| Percent confident in religious organizations. | 96.8 |
| Percent agreeing that nurses can refuse to assist with an abortion on moral grounds. | 71.6 |
| Politics | |
| Percent thinking that churches have an influence on national politics. | 88.1 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
Western Asia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population13 | 94.7 | 90.2 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 97.6 | 91.7 | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 87.8 | -- | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
Western Asia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 646.4 | -- | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 199,482.9 | -- | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 199,565.7 | -- | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max15 | 64.4 | 67.3 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index16 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)17 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 55,760.0 | 23,220.8 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
Western Asia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 118 | 0.0137426 | 0.003493871 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | 7.7 | 4.1 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Saudi Arabia [x] |
Western Asia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 30,526,484 | 262,021,707 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 74.6 | 74.9 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | 300.0 | 2,471.3 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population14 | 83.3 | 70.4 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage14 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman14 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births14 | 11.1 | 19.6 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV14 | 0.1 | -- | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Saudi Arabia)10
Basic Law (2013)
Article 1.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a[n] ... Islamic State.
Religion: Islam
Constitution: The Holy Qur’an and the Prophet's Sunnah (traditions)
Article 2.
Its national holidays:
• Eid Al-Fitr (a religious feast celebrated on the 1st of Shawal, the 10th month of the Islamic calendar)
• Eid Al-Ad-ha (a religious feast celebrated on the 10th of Dhul-Hijj ah, the 12th month of the Islamic calendar)
Calendar: Hijira (Lunar)
Article 3.
Its national flag:
...
• Article of faith (translated as "There is no God but Allah, Muhammad is Allah's Messenger") inscribed in the centre ...
Article 5.
...
(b) ... The most eligible among [the ruling dynasty] shall be invited, through the process of "bai’ah", to rule in accordance with the Book of God and the Prophet’s Sunnah.
Article 6.
Citizens shall pledge allegiance to the King on the basis of the Book of God and the Prophet’s Sunnah ...
Article 7.
The regime derives its power from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet's Sunnah which rule over this and all other State Laws.
Article 8.
The system of government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is established on the foundation of justice, "Shoura" and equality in compliance with the Islamic Shari’ah (the revealed law of Islam).
Article 9.
The family ... shall be brought up imbued with the Islamic Creed which calls for obedience to God, His Messenger and those of the nation who are charged with authority ...
Article 10.
The State shall take great pains ... to preserve its ... Islamic values. ...
Article 11.
The Saudi society shall hold fast to the Divine Rope. ...
Article 13.
Education aims at the inculcation of the Islamic creed in the young generation ...
Article 14.
All God-given resources of the country ... shall be owned by the State as specified by the law. ...
Article 17.
Ownership, capital and labour ... are private rights that serve a social function in conformity with Islamic Shari’ah.
Article 21.
Zakat (poor-tax) shall be levied and dispensed to its legitimate beneficiaries.
Article 23.
The State shall protect the Islamic Creed and shall cater to the application of Shari’ah.
The State shall enjoin good and forbid evil, and shall undertake the duties of the call to Islam.
Article 24.
The State shall maintain and serve the Two Holy Mosques. It shall ensure the security and safety of all those who call at the Two Holy Mosques so that they may be able to visit or perform the pilgrimage and "Umrah" (minor pilgrimage) in comfort and ease.
Article 25.
The State shall be keen to realize the aspirations of the Arab Muslim nations ...
Article 26.
The State shall protect human rights in accordance with Islamic Shari’ah.
Article 29.
The State ... shall preserve Arab and Islamic heritage and shall contribute to Arab, Islamic and human civilization.
Article 33.
The State shall build and equip the armed forces to defend the Islamic faith, the Two Holy Mosques ...
Article 34.
Defending the Islamic faith, the society and the homeland shall be the duty of each and every citizen. ...
Article 45.
The source of Ifta (religious ruling) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s Sunnah. The law shall specify the composition of the Senior Ulema Board and of the Administration of Religious Research and Ifta and its jurisdictions.
Article 46.
... In discharging their duties, the judges bow to no authority other than that of Islamic Shari’ah.
Article 48.
Courts shall apply the provisions of Islamic Shari’ah to cases brought before them, according to the teachings of the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s Sunnah as well as other regulations issued by the Head of State in strict conformity with the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s Sunnah.
Article 55.
The King shall undertake to rule according to the rulings of Islam and shall supervise the application of Shari’ah ...
Article 57.
...
(b) The Deputy Prime Minister and Cabinet Ministers shall be jointly responsible before the King for the applications of Islamic Shari’ah ...
...
Article 67.
Acting within its term of reference, the Organizational Power shall draw up regulations and by-laws to safeguard public interests or eliminate corruption in the affairs of the State in accordance with the rulings of the Islamic Shari’ah. ...
Shura Council Law (1992)
Article 1.
In compliance with Allah Almighty words:
[Those who respond to their Lord, and establish regular prayer; who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation; who spend out of what we bestow on them for sustenance] "Shura Sura (Chapter XLII), Verse 38." And [It is part of the Mercy of Allah that thou dost deal gently with them. Wert thou severe or harsh-hearted , they would have broken away from about thee : so pass over ( their faults , and ask for (Allah’s ) forgiveness for them ; and consult them in affairs (of moment). Then, when thou hast taken a decision, put thy trust in Allah. For Allah loves those who put their trust (in Him)] "Al-Imran Sura (Chapter III), Verse 159."
And following His Messenger Peace Be Upon Him (PBUH) in consulting his Companions, and urging the (Muslim) Nation to engage in consultation. Shura Council shall be established to exercise the tasks entrusted to it, according to this Law and the Basic Law of Governance while adhering to Quran and the Path (Sunnah) of his Messenger (PBUH), maintaining brotherly ties and cooperating unto righteousness and piety.
Article 2.
The Shura Council shall hold fast to the bond of Allah and adhere to the sources of Islamic legislation. ...
Article 11.
[Oath of office:] "I swear to Allah Almighty to be loyal to my religion ..."
Law of the Provinces (1994)
Preamble
With the help of God, ...
Article 6.
[Oath of office:] "I swear to Allah Almighty to be loyal to my religion ..."
Article 7.
Every emir ... is expected to do the following:
...
• Guarantee human rights and freedom, refrain from any action which affects such rights and freedom except within the limits provided by the Sharia and the Law,
...
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of socio-cultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities around the world. Interviews have been carried out with nationally representative samples of the publics of more than 80 societies. A total of four waves have been carried out since 1981. The ARDA has averaged the weighted responses across the waves for each country surveyed. The average responses for all countries have been placed in a single file and can be previewed and downloaded here. See the World Values Survey website for further information and to download the original survey data: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/.
12 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
13 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
14 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
15 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
18 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
19 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
20 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
