National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Ethiopia [x], The World [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Ethiopia)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 161/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 68/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 55/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 61/253 |
Ethiopia: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, Nonreligious.
Ethiopia: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Agnostics, Atheists, Catholics, doubly-affiliated, Mahayanists, Saktists, Shaivites, Shias, unaffiliated Christians, Vaishnavites.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Ethiopia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.03% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | 0.00% | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | 0.00% | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | --- | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | --- | 5.98% |
| Christians | 59.06% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 0.19% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | 39.66% | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 0.78% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 16.44% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 2.29% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | 6.41% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 0.01% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 0.00% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 0.00% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 0.00% | 3.57% |
| Jains | --- | 0.08% |
| Jews | 0.02% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 34.38% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 34.28% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 0.10% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | --- | 0.21% |
| New religionists | --- | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | --- | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | --- | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 0.10% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 0.09% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.01% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Ethiopia)3
The country has an area of 472,000 square miles, and a population of 77 million. An estimated 40 to 45 percent of the population belongs to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC), which is predominant in the northern regions of Tigray and Amhara.
Approximately 45 percent of the population is Sunni Muslim, of which the overwhelming majority is Sufi. Islam is most prevalent in the eastern Somali and Afar regions, as well as in many parts of Oromiya.
Christian evangelical and Pentecostal groups constitute an estimated 10 percent of the population. Established Protestant churches such as Mekane Yesus and the Kale Hiwot are strongest in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Regional State (SNNPR); western and central Oromiya; and in urban areas. In Gambella region, Mekane Yesus followers represent 60 percent of the population. The Evangelical Church Fellowship claims 23 denominations under its religious umbrella throughout the country.
There are small numbers of Oriental Rite and Latin Rite Roman Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, animists, and practitioners of traditional indigenous religions.
The country has a small Falash Mura community. Falash Mura are being processed for immigration to Israel, and the number remaining is dwindling rapidly. The Israeli Government is expected to finalize immigration of the remaining Falash Mura in 2008. Many additional individuals claiming to be Falash Mura are also seeking immigration to Israel, but many appear to be economic immigrants rather than genuine Falash Mura. The Government is cooperating with the Government of Israel to facilitate emigration of the remaining Falash Mura community.
Summary Information |
Ethiopia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Region | Eastern Africa | -- |
| Total Population4 | 99,129,276 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 426,373 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 65.0 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 1,730.0 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (anocratic) | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | -0.6 | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | None | -- |
Ethiopia - Google Map
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Ethiopia [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | Yes |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | Registration is required and is never denied, but some religions have more difficulty registering than others |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | Groups are officially required to register but groups which do not are not in any way restricted, except in that they may be denied status as a legal entity. |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | Accommodation |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | None |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | Government funding of religion goes to only some religions for which there are a substantial number of adherents in the country. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | There are no religious requirements or oaths necessary in order to hold office. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Ethiopia [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | no [ Article 11(1-2) ] |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | yes [ Article 27 ] |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | yes [ Article 25 ] |
Constitution |
Ethiopia [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 1994 |
| Last Amended10 | (n/a) |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Source is an English translation. |
| Current as of10 | August 23, 2018 |
Public Opinion (Ethiopia)(Calculated by the ARDA from the World Values Survey)11 |
2005 |
|---|---|
| Religious Affiliation/Identification | |
| Percent belonging to a religious denomination. | 81.1 |
| Religious Behaviors | |
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month. | 86.9 |
| Percent praying to God more than once per week. | 94.7 |
| Percent that meditate or pray. | 29.8 |
| Religious Beliefs | |
| Percent believing in God. | 49.5 |
| Percent believing in heaven. | 56.4 |
| Percent believing in hell. | 47.3 |
| Percent believing in life after death. | 41.3 |
| Percent believing that there are clear guidelines on good and evil. | 22.6 |
| Percent believing that politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. | 76.4 |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should not influence people's vote. | 60.3 |
| Percent believing that things would be better if there are more people with strong religious beliefs. | 72.6 |
| Percent that think that religious faith is an important quality in children | 79 |
| Percent that agree: We depend too much on science and not enough on faith | 75.2 |
| Percent believing church gives answers to people's spiritual needs. | 74.2 |
| Percent that do not trust people of other religions | 70.7 |
| Attitudes | |
| Percent considering religion important. | 94.2 |
| Percent considering that God is not at all important in their life. | 1.4 |
| Percent confident in religious organizations. | 60.8 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Ethiopia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population13 | 49.1 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 85.6 | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 31.0 | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Ethiopia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 72.4 | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 19,908.8 | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 5,905.6 | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max15 | 52.7 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index16 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)17 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 1,730.0 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Ethiopia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 118 | 0.0038374 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | 0.9 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Ethiopia [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 99,129,276 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 65.0 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | -60.0 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population14 | 19.9 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage14 | 4.8 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman14 | 4.3 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births14 | 41.0 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV14 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Ethiopia)10
Preamble
…
… to live together on the basis of equality and without any … religious … discrimination;
…
Article 3. The Ethiopian flag.
…
(2) The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of the … religious communities of Ethiopia to live together in equality and unity.
…
Article 11. Separation of state and religion.
(1) State and religion are separate.
(2) There shall be no state religion.
(3) The state shall not interfere in religious matters and religion shall not interfere in state affairs.
Article 21. The rights of persons held in custody and convicted prisoners.
…
(2) All persons shall have the opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by … religious councilors …
Article 25. Right to equality.
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection without discrimination on grounds of … religion …
Article 27. Freedom of religion, belief and opinion.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include the freedom to hold or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the freedom, either individually or in community with others, and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of Article 90, believers may establish institutions of religious education and administration in order to propagate and organize their religion.
(3) No one shall be subject to coercion or other means which would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of his choice.
(4) Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their children ensuring their religious and moral education in conformity with their own convictions.
(5) Freedom to express or manifest one's religion or belief may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace, health, education, public morality or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the independence of the state from religion.
Article 34. Marital, personal and family rights.
(1) Men and women, without any distinction as to … religion, [have right to marry and raise families].
…
(4) In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, a law giving recognition to marriage concluded under systems of religious … laws may be enacted.
(5) This Constitution shall not preclude the adjudication of disputes relating to personal and family laws in accordance with religious … laws, with the consent of the parties to the dispute. Particulars shall be determined by law.
Article 38. The right to vote and to be elected.
(1) Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination based on … religion …, has the following rights: [to vote and be elected to public office]
…
Article 78. Independence of the judiciary.
…
(5) Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House of Peoples' Representatives and State Councils can establish or give official recognition to religious and customary courts. Religious and customary courts that had state recognition and functioned prior to the adoption of the Constitution shall be organized on the basis of recognition accorded to them by this Constitution.
Article 90. Social objectives.
…
(2) Education shall be provided in a manner that is free from any religious influence …
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of socio-cultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities around the world. Interviews have been carried out with nationally representative samples of the publics of more than 80 societies. A total of four waves have been carried out since 1981. The ARDA has averaged the weighted responses across the waves for each country surveyed. The average responses for all countries have been placed in a single file and can be previewed and downloaded here. See the World Values Survey website for further information and to download the original survey data: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/.
12 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
13 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
14 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
15 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
18 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
19 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
20 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
