National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Fiji [x], The World [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Fiji)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 128/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 91/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 116/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 145/253 |
Fiji: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Chinese folk-religionists, Ethnic religionists, Jains, Jews, Sikhs.
Fiji: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Atheists, doubly-affiliated, Islamic schismatics, Shias, unaffiliated Christians.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Fiji [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.27% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | --- | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | --- | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | --- | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | 0.11% | 5.98% |
| Christians | 63.91% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 0.63% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | --- | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 12.83% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 46.27% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 12.66% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | 0.04% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 27.74% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 10.10% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 10.66% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 6.98% | 3.57% |
| Jains | 0.16% | 0.08% |
| Jews | 0.01% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 6.20% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 5.89% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 0.26% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | 0.06% | 0.21% |
| New religionists | --- | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | 0.51% | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | --- | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 1.05% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 1.03% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.02% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Fiji)3
The country is an archipelago of more than 300 islands with a total area of 7,050 square miles and a population of 827,000. Most of the population is concentrated on the main island of Viti Levu. Estimates of religious affiliation were as follows: 52 percent of the population is Christian, 30 percent Hindu, and 7 percent Muslim. The largest Christian denomination is the Methodist Church, which claims approximately 218,000 members. Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church also have significant followings. The Methodist Church is supported by the majority of the country's chiefs and remains influential in the ethnic Fijian community, particularly in rural areas. There is also a small number of active nondenominational Christian groups.
Religious affiliation runs largely along ethnic lines. Most indigenous Fijians, who constitute 57 percent of the population, are Christian. Most Indo-Fijians, who account for 37 percent of the population, practice Hinduism, while 20 percent follow Islam. In addition, an estimated 6 percent of Indo-Fijians are Christian. Other ethnic communities include Chinese, Europeans, Rotumans, and other Pacific Islanders. Approximately 60 percent of the small Chinese community is Christian, and 4 percent adheres to Confucianism. The very small European community is predominantly Christian.
Hindu and Muslim communities maintain a number of active religious and cultural organizations.
Numerous Christian missionary organizations are nationally and regionally active in social welfare, health, and education. Many major Christian denominations, most notably the Methodist Church, have missionaries in the country. The missionaries operate numerous religious schools, including colleges, not subsidized by the Government.
Summary Information |
Fiji [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Region | Melanesia | -- |
| Total Population4 | 892,739 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 7,056 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 70.2 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 9,140.0 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (anocratic) | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | None | -- |
Fiji - Google Map
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Fiji [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | Yes |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | Registration is required but is never denied, and treatment of all religions in the registration process is equal |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | Groups are officially required to register but groups which do not are not in any way restricted, except in that they may be denied status as a legal entity. |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | Accommodation |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | None |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | Government funding of religion goes roughly equally (taking into account population distributions) to all religions for which there are a substantial number of adherents in the country. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | There are no religious requirements or oaths necessary in order to hold office. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Fiji [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | no [ Section 4(3) ] |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | yes [ Section 22(1-2) ] |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | yes [ Sections 4(3)(a), 26(3)(a) ] |
Constitution |
Fiji [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 2013 |
| Last Amended10 | (n/a) |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Original was written in English. |
| Current as of10 | November 12, 2018 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Fiji [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population12 | 93.2 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 97.6 | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 83.4 | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Fiji [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 4.7 | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars13 | 2,269.4 | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars13 | 2,141.1 | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max14 | 63.4 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index15 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)16 | -- | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 9,140.0 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Fiji [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 117 | 0.0000621 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | 1.5 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Fiji [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 892,739 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 70.2 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | -28.7 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population13 | 54.1 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage13 | 1.4 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman13 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births13 | 18.7 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV13 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Fiji)10
Section 4. Secular State.
(1) Religious liberty, as recognised in the Bill of Rights, is a founding principle of the State.
(2) Religious belief is personal.
(3) Religion and the State are separate, which means---
(a) the State and all persons holding public office must treat all religions equally;
(b) the State and all persons holding public office must not dictate any religious belief;
(c) the State and all persons holding public office must not prefer or advance, by any means, any particular religion, religious denomination, religious belief, or religious practice over another, or over any non-religious belief; and
(d) no person shall assert any religious belief as a legal reason to disregard this Constitution or any other law.
Section 9. Right to personal liberty.
...
(3) If a person is detained pursuant to a measure authorised under a state of emergency---
...
(b) the person must be given the opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by---
...
(iii) a religious counsellor ...
...
...
...
Section 13. Rights of arrested and detained persons.
(1) Every person who is arrested or detained has the right---
...
(k) to communicate with, and be visited by,---
...
(ii) a religious counsellor ...
...
Section 17. Freedom of speech, expression and publication.
...
(3) To the extent that it is necessary, a law may limit, or may authorise the limitation of, the rights and freedoms mentioned in subsection (1) in the interests of---
...
(d) preventing attacks on the dignity of individuals, groups of individuals or respected offices or institutions in a manner likely to promote ill will between ... religious groups ...
...
...
Section 22. Freedom of religion, conscience and belief.
(1) Every person has the right to freedom of religion, conscience and belief.
(2) Every person has the right, either individually or in community with others, in private or in public, to manifest and practise their religion or belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching.
(3) Every person has the right not to be compelled to---
(a) act in any manner that is contrary to the person's religion or belief; or
(b) take an oath, or take an oath in a manner, that---
(i) is contrary to the person's religion or belief; or
(ii) requires the person to express a belief that the person does not hold.
(4) Every religious community or denomination, and every cultural or social community, has the right to establish, maintain and manage places of education whether or not it receives financial assistance from the State, provided that the educational institution maintains any standard prescribed by law.
(5) In exercising its rights under subsection (4), a religious community or denomination has the right to provide religious instruction as part of any education that it provides, whether or not it receives financial assistance from the State for the provision of that education.
(6) Except with his or her consent or, in the case of a child, the consent of a parent or lawful guardian, a person attending a place of education is not required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend a religious ceremony or observance if the instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion that is not his or her own or if he or she does not hold any religious belief.
(7) To the extent that it is necessary, the rights and freedoms set out in this section may be made subject to such limitations prescribed by law---
(a) to protect---
(i) the rights and freedoms of other persons; or
(ii) public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or
(b) to prevent public nuisance.
Section 26. Right to equality and freedom from discrimination.
...
(3) A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly on the grounds of his or her---
(a) actual or supposed personal characteristics or circumstances, including ... religion, conscience, ...
...
...
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
12 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
13 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
14 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
15 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
18 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
19 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
