National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Greece [x], Southern Europe [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Greece)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 68/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 20/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 65/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 43/253 |
Greece: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Hindus, Jews, New religionists, Sikhs, Spiritists.
Greece: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Atheists, doubly-affiliated, Independents, Islamic schismatics, Mahayanists, Protestants, Saktists, Shaivites, Shias, unaffiliated Christians, Vaishnavites.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Greece [x] |
Southern Europe [x] |
The World |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.00% | 0.03% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | 0.05% | 0.11% | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | 0.05% | 0.08% | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | 0.04% | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | --- | --- | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | 0.09% | 0.18% | 5.98% |
| Christians | 89.59% | 80.60% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 0.25% | 0.61% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | 87.98% | 13.58% | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 1.32% | 65.70% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 0.23% | 0.60% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 0.83% | 1.45% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | --- | 0.00% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 0.13% | 0.13% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 0.03% | 0.03% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 0.05% | 0.06% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 0.05% | 0.04% | 3.57% |
| Jains | --- | --- | 0.08% |
| Jews | 0.05% | 0.06% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 5.83% | 7.48% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 5.31% | 7.20% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 0.51% | 0.27% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | 0.01% | 0.00% | 0.21% |
| New religionists | 0.02% | 0.01% | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | 0.05% | 0.04% | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | 0.01% | 0.00% | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | --- | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 4.19% | 11.35% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 3.85% | 9.25% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.33% | 2.11% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Greece)3
The country has an area of 81,935 square miles and a population of 10.9 million. The Government does not keep statistics on religious groups. An estimated 97 percent of the population identifies itself as Greek Orthodox. The remaining 3 percent is comprised of Old Calendarist Orthodox, Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roman Catholics, Protestants, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Scientologists, Jews, Baha'is, Hare Krishna devotees, and followers of polytheistic Hellenic religions.
The majority of noncitizen residents and immigrants are not Greek Orthodox. The largest groups are secular, Muslim, and Roman Catholic and resided largely in Athens.
Summary Information |
Greece [x] |
Southern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Southern Europe | The World | -- |
| Total Population4 | 11,045,704 | 154,682,755 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 50,949 | 508,229 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 81.6 | 78.8 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 26,900.0 | 23,222.3 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (strongly democratic) | -- | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | Orthodoxy | -- | -- |
Greece - Google Map
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Greece [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | No |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | Registration is required but sometimes denied |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | Groups are officially required to register, and the government enforces this and discriminates against unregistered groups. |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | State Controlled Religion, Positive Attitude |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | Mandatory for some who have no ability to opt out; the course must be in religion but optional for others or there exists for some the option of taking a non-religious course on topics like ethics, philosophy, or religions of the world. |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | Government funding of religion goes primarily to one religion but at least some other religions receive some funds. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | The oath of office for some or all officials contains mention of God or religion in general but that part is optional. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Greece [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | yes [ Article 3 ] |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | yes [ Article 13(1,2) ] |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | yes [ Article 5(2) ] |
Constitution |
Greece [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 1975 |
| Last Amended10 | 2008 |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Source is an English translation. |
| Current as of10 | July 28, 2018 |
Public Opinion (Greece)(Calculated by the ARDA from the World Values Survey)11 |
1999 |
|---|---|
| Religious Affiliation/Identification | |
| Percent belonging to a religious denomination. | 96 |
| Percent identifying as a religious person. | 79.7 |
| Religious Behaviors | |
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month. | 33.6 |
| Percent praying to God more than once per week. | 47.8 |
| Percent that meditate or pray. | 61 |
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month when 12 years old. | 68.1 |
| Percent that changed denominations. | 4.8 |
| Percent active in a church or religious organization. | 58.4 |
| Religious Beliefs | |
| Percent believing in God. | 91 |
| Percent believing in heaven. | 47.2 |
| Percent believing in hell. | 40.9 |
| Percent believing in life after death. | 60.8 |
| Percent believing that there are clear guidelines on good and evil. | 16 |
| Percent believing that politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. | 37.3 |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should not influence people's vote. | 78.4 |
| Percent believing that things would be better if there are more people with strong religious beliefs. | 32 |
| Percent that think that religious faith is an important quality in children | 62.1 |
| Percent that agree: We depend too much on science and not enough on faith | 30.6 |
| Percent believing church gives answers to people's spiritual needs. | 43.1 |
| Percent that do not trust people of other religions | 31 |
| Percent believing church gives answers on family life problems. | 15.4 |
| Percent believing churches give answers to moral problems. | 74.1 |
| Percent that often think about meaning and purpose of life | 87.2 |
| Percent believing churches give answers to social problems. | 66.7 |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should influence the government. | 82.9 |
| Percent believing that people have a soul. | 65.9 |
| Percent believing in the concept of sin. | 54.9 |
| Percent believing religious services are important for deaths. | 26 |
| Religious Experiences | |
| Percent finding comfort and strength from religion. | 76.3 |
| Percent saying that they have a lucky charm. | 36.3 |
| Percent considering that a lucky charm definitely does not provide protection. | 28.9 |
| Attitudes | |
| Percent considering religion important. | 68.3 |
| Percent considering that God is not at all important in their life. | 6.1 |
| Percent confident in religious organizations. | 54.8 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Greece [x] |
Southern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population13 | 97.7 | 98.5 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 96.3 | -- | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 95.1 | -- | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Greece [x] |
Southern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 192.7 | 3,693.6 | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 56,150.4 | 1,115,269.0 | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars14 | 54,864.3 | 1,213,779.9 | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max15 | 55.0 | 63.6 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index16 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)17 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 26,900.0 | 23,222.3 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Greece [x] |
Southern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 118 | 0.002971 | 0.001892785 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | 2.4 | 1.5 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Greece [x] |
Southern Europe [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 11,045,704 | 154,682,755 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 81.6 | 78.8 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | 50.0 | 1,494.0 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population14 | 78.3 | 70.4 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage14 | -0.3 | 0.1 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman14 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births14 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV14 | -- | -- | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Greece)10
Preamble
In the name of the Holy and Consubstantial and Indivisible Trinity
Article 3.
(1) The prevailing religion in Greece is that of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ. The Orthodox Church of Greece, acknowledging our Lord Jesus Christ as its head, is inseparably united in doctrine with the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople and with every other Church of Christ of the same doctrine, observing unwaveringly, as they do, the holy apostolic and synodal canons and sacred traditions. It is autocephalous and is administered by the Holy Synod of serving Bishops and the Permanent Holy Synod originating thereof and assembled as specified by the Statutory Charter of the Church in compliance with the provisions of the Patriarchal Tome of June 29, 1850 and the Synodal Act of September 4, 1928.
(2) The ecclesiastical regime existing in certain districts of the State shall not be deemed contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
(3) The text of the Holy Scripture shall be maintained unaltered. Official translation of the text into any other form of language, without prior sanction by the Autocephalous Church of Greece and the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople, is prohibited.
Article 5.
...
(2) All persons living within the Greek territory shall enjoy full protection ... of religious ... beliefs. Exceptions shall be permitted only in cases provided by international law.
...
Article 13.
(1) Freedom of religious conscience is inviolable. The enjoyment of civil rights and liberties does not depend on the individual's religious beliefs.
(2) All known religions shall be free and their rites of worship shall be performed unhindered and under the protection of the law. The practice of rites of worship is not allowed to offend public order or the good usages. Proselytism is prohibited.
(3) The ministers of all known religions shall be subject to the same supervision by the State and to the same obligations towards it as those of the prevailing religion.
(4) No person shall be exempt from discharging his obligations to the State or may refuse to comply with the laws by reason of his religious convictions.
(5) No oath shall be imposed or administered except as specified by law and in the form determined by law.
Article 14.
...
(3) Seizure [of newspapers and other publications] by order of the public prosecutor shall be allowed exceptionally after circulation and in case of:
(a) an offence against the Christian or any other known religion,
...
Article 16.
...
(2) Education constitutes a basic mission for the State and shall aim at ... development of ... religious consciousness ...
...
Article 18.
...
(8) ... [T]he property in Greece of the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antiocheia and Jerusalem and that of the Holy Monastery of Mount Sinai cannot be subject to expropriation.
Article 59.
[Religious imagery in parliamentary oath of office]
(2) Members of Parliament who are of a different religion or creed [than the official religion] shall take the same oath according to the form of their own religion or creed.
...
[Note: There is no such accommodation for the Presidential oath of office.]
Article 105.
(1) The Athos peninsula extending beyond Megali Vigla and constituting the region of Aghion Oros shall, in accordance with its ancient privileged status, be a self-governed part of the Greek State, whose sovereignty thereon shall remain intact. Spiritually, Aghion Oros shall come under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. All persons leading a monastic life thereon acquire Greek citizenship without further formalities, upon admission as novices or monks.
(2) Aghion Oros shall be governed, according to its regime, by its twenty Holy Monasteries among which the entire Athos peninsula is divided; the territory of the peninsula shall be exempt from expropriation. The administration of Aghion Oros shall be exercised by representatives of the Holy Monasteries constituting the Holy Community. No change whatsoever shall be permitted in the administrative system or in the number of Monasteries of Aghion Oros, or in their hierarchical order or in their position to their subordinate dependencies. Heterodox or schismatic persons shall be prohibited from dwelling thereon.
(3) The determination in detail of the regimes of the Aghion Oros entities and the manner of operation thereof is effected by the Charter of Aghion Oros which, with the cooperation of the State representative, shall be drawn up and voted by the twenty Holy Monasteries and ratified by the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Parliament of the Hellenes.
(4) Faithful observance of the regimes of the Aghion Oros entities shall in the spiritual field be under the supreme supervision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and, in the administrative, under the supervision of the State, which shall also be exclusively responsible for safeguarding public order and security.
(5) The afore-mentioned powers of the State shall be exercised through a governor whose rights and duties shall be determined by law.
(6) The law shall likewise determine the judicial power exercised by the monastic authorities and the Holy Community, as well as the customs and taxation privileges of Aghion Oros.
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of socio-cultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities around the world. Interviews have been carried out with nationally representative samples of the publics of more than 80 societies. A total of four waves have been carried out since 1981. The ARDA has averaged the weighted responses across the waves for each country surveyed. The average responses for all countries have been placed in a single file and can be previewed and downloaded here. See the World Values Survey website for further information and to download the original survey data: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/.
12 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
13 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
14 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
15 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
18 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
19 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
20 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
